Sumber Dasar

Berdasarkan sumber Humas MENPANRB dalam http://www.menpan.go.id/berita-terkini/4654-tahun-2017-libur-nasional-dan-cuti-bersama-19-hari Pemerintah menetapkan, hari libur nasional dan cuti bersama tahun 2017 sebanyak 19 hari, terdiri dari 15 hari libur nasional dan 4 hari cuti bersama. Penetapan itu menyusul penandatanganan Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) libur nasional dan cuti bersama tahun 2017 Pengaturan libur nasional dan cuti bersama.

Hari Libur dan Cuti bersama 2017

SKB itu ditandatanganan tiga menteri, yakni Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi (PANRB) Yuddy Chrisnandi, Menteri Agama Lukman Hakim Saifudin, dan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Hanif Dhakiri, disaksikan oleh Menteri Koordinator bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan (PMK) Puan Maharani di Kantor Kemenko PMK, Kamis (14/04).

Menko PMK mengatakan, cuti merupakan hak pegawai yang harus dihargai dan dihormati. "Untuk kepentingan bersama, perlu diatur oleh pemerintah, dan jumlah hari cuti bersama itu mengurangi jumlah cuti tahunan," imbuhnya.

Ditetapkannya hari libur nasional dan cuti bersama, menurut Puan Maharani, untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas dalam pemanfaatan hari kerja, hari libur, dan cuti bersama sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas kerja. “Penetapan ini juga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan sektor pariwisata dalam negeri yang mempunyai dampak peningkatan ekonomi,” ujarnya.

Hari Libur Bersama Nasional 2017 :

  • 1 Januari Tahun Baru 2017 Masehi
  • 28 Januari Tahun Baru Imlek 2568 Kongzili
  • 28 Maret Hari Raya Nyepi Tahun Baru Saka 1939
  • 14 April Wafat Isa Al Masih
  • 24 April Isra Miraj Nabi Muhammad SAW
  • 1 Mei Hari Buruh Internasional
  • 11 Mei Hari Raya Waisak 2561
  • 25 Mei Kenaikan Isa Al Masih
  • 25- 26 Juni Hari Raya Idul Fitri 1438 Hijriah
  • 17 Agustus Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia
  • 1 September Hari Raya Idul Adha 1438 Hijriah
  • 21 September Tahun Baru Islam 1439 Hijriah
  • 1 Desember Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW
  • 25 Desember Hari Raya Natal

Cuti Bersama Tahun 2017

  • 23, 27,28 Juni Hari Raya Idul Fitri 1438 Hijriah
  • 26 Desember Hari Raya Natal

Semoga bermanfaat dan sebelum anda menutup Artikel ini, silahkan berikan masukannya di kolom komentar. Apa kekurangan dan kelebihan Artikel ini, supaya penulis bisa terus belajar untuk memberikan yang terbaik. Anda juga bisa bertanya jika ada beberapa penjelasan yang masih belum dipahami. Jika anda merasa artikel ini bermanfaat, jangan lupa untuk mengklik tombol share. Sekali lagi belajar mudah bersama bimbing dong, dan berita ini dapat juga dilihat di SINI
Buat pencari beasiswa di seluruh indonesia bagi lulusan SMU/SMA/MA untuk melanjutkan S1 dan S2 serta S3, yang pasti memerlukan beberapa beasiswa yang direncanakan untuk melanjutkan kuliah ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi dan  anda dapat mengunjungi beberapa website dibawah ini yang telah kami kumpulkan untuk menjadi referensi buat adik-dik maupun teman-teman yang membutuhkannya.

1. Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Dalam Negeri (BPP-DN) 

Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Dalam Negeri (BPP-DN) dan Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Luar Negeri (BPP-LN) Dosen dan Tenaga Kependidikan. Beasiswa ini tersedia untuk Dosen dan Tenaga Kependidikan dilingkungan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
http://beasiswa.dikti.go.id/web/


2. Beasiswa Luar Negeri (Australia)

Beasiswa Australia sangat dicari oleh siswa Indonesia, yang dapat diperoleh setiap tahunnya, khususnya untuk beasiswa Australia 2017. Beasiswa ditawarkan oleh berbagai lembaga untuk kuliah di Australia baik dari lembaga universitas, foundation atau pemerintah. Beasiswa yang sudah sangat terkenal yang akan ditawarkan di tahun 2017 adalah beasiswa Australian Awards yang diberikan oleh pemerintah Australia. Beasiswa Australia ini telah diberikan oleh pemerintah Australia selama lebih dari 60 tahun dan mempunyai peranan penting untuk program kerjasama dalam meningkatkan pembangunan sumber daya manusia di Indonesia.

Program beasiswa Australia ini juga mempererat hubungan baik antara Australia dan Indonesia terutama meningkatkan perekonomian, demokratisasi dan kestabilan Indonesia. Beasiswa Australia 2017 ini ditawarkan hanya untuk program pascasarjana diberbagai universitas Australia yang berstandar international. Berbagai jurusan ilmu ditawarkan dalam program beasiswa ini yang berkaitan dengan pengetahuan dan keahlian yang nantinya dapat diterapkan meningkatkan pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi Indonesia. Jurusan studi yang ditawarkan mendapat prioritas untuk Indonesia adalah menyangkut bidang pertumbuhan ekonomi; demokrasi, keadilan dan pemerintahan yang baik. Pembangunan sumber daya manusia dan terachir, stabilitas keamanan dan kedamaian.

Beasiswa Australia diberikan kesempatan terbuka kepada warga Indonesia dengan syarat yang cukup kompetitif. Pendaftaran untuk beasiswa Australia 2017 biasanya dibuka di bulan Februari dan ditutup bulan April setahun sebelum mulai tahun ajaran akademiknya. Dalam proses seleksi, syarat yang dituntut umumnya adalah nilai akademik yang tinggi, minimal IPK 2.9 keatas di tingkat sarjana. Program beasiswa Australia untuk tingkat S2 minimal pengaju sudah meraih gelar S1 dan program beasiswa australia untuk tingkat S3, minimal sudah meraih gelar S2 sebelumnya.

Khusus untuk yang ingin mendaftar program S3, para pengaju hanya akan dipertimbangkan yang merupakan dosen universitas atau lingkungan akademis/peneliti atau juga dalam kalangan pembuatan kebijakan pemerintahan yang menyangkut peningkatan kemajuan Indonesia. Pendaftar jenjang S3 sangat dianjurkan sudah memiliki surat dukungan dari sebuah universitas di Australia terkait jurusan studi yang diajukan perdaftar bersangkutan.

Syarat yang tidak kalah penting adalah kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang dapat diukur oleh tes IELTS. Nilai yang diperlukan, minimal nilai 5 untuk program S2 dan nilai 6 untuk program S3. TOEFL pun dapat menjadi acuan untuk pengukuran kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Selain mengisi formulir pendaftaran online, dokumen dokumen penting dibutuhkan sebagai pendukung persyaratan pengajuan beasiswa Australia 2017. Beberapa diantaranya seperti bukti kewarnegaraa Indonesia, KTP dengan keterangan tidak melewati umur 42 tahun pada saat penutupan pandaftaran, ijazah pendidikan terachir, riwayat pengalaman kerja/CV, hasil tes IELTS sedikitnya dari dua tahun terachir, referensi akademik dari pembimbing S2 bagi para pengaju S3 dan rincian proposal penelitiannya.

Setelah memenuhi persyaratan yang diajukan, pihak Australian Awards akan menyaring untuk dapat mengikuti seleksi tahap achir, yaitu tes IELTS serta wawancara. Proses seleksi akan dilaksanakan bersama atas nama pemerintahan Australia dan Indonesia oleh tim independen dari akademisi Australia dan Indonesia. Hasil peserta beasiswa australia umumnya diinformsikan pada bulan Desember sebelum tahun akademik dimulai di tahun 2017.

Peserta yang mendapatkan beasiswa Australia 2017 di program Australian Awards akan mendapat tunjangan penuh. Secara umum kandidat beasiswa Australia akan mendapat tunjangan biaya pendidikan secara penuh, penelitian dilapangan baik di Australia ataupun di Indonesia, biaya hidup di Australia maupun di Indonesia selama pelatihan berjalan, asuransi kesehatan. Terachir, biaya tiket perjalanan pulang pergi Australia dan Indonesia untuk kuliah, penelitian dan reuni keluarga. 
https://www.idp.com/indonesia/studyabroad/scholarships/australia


3. Beasiswa LPDP

Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia (BPI) Program Magister dan Doktoral adalah program beasiswa yang dibiayai oleh pemerintah Indonesia melalui pemanfaatan Dana Pengembangan Pendidikan Nasional (DPPN) dan dikelola oleh LPDP untuk pembiayaan studi lanjut pada program Magister atau program Doktoral di Perguruan Tinggi di dalam dan di luar negeri. Beasiswa ini bertujuan untuk mendukung ketersediaan sumber daya manusia Indonesia yang berpendidikan dan berkualitas serta memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan yang tinggi dan mempunyai visi masa depan bangsa yang kuat sebagai pemimpin Indonesia masa depan. Komitmen LPDP tersebut diwujudkan melalui pemberian bantuan pendanaan dalam bentuk beasiswa kepada masyarakat untuk studi lanjut pada program Magister atau program Doktoral di Perguruan Tinggi unggulan baik di dalam maupun di luar negeri bagi yang memenuhi kualifikasi LPDP.

Waktu Pendaftaran dan Proses Seleksi biasanya

Pendaftaran BPI untuk Program Magister dan Doktoral dibuka sepanjang tahun, dengan proses seleksi yang dilakukan sebanyak 4 (empat) kali. Pendaftaran BPI dilaksanakan secara online dengan cara mengisi formulir pendaftaran, dan mengunggah semua dokumen kelengkapannya pada laman resmi LPDP
http://www.lpdp.kemenkeu.go.id/

3. Beasiswa Aceh, Beasiswa Pemda

Dan masih banyak Beasiswa lainnya yang dapat anda coba daftar dengan selalu update secara berkala. Terima kasih atas kunjungannya dan jangan lupa untuk mengupdate berita dan materi dari getakai, silakan untuk memasukkan Email dibawah ini. terima kasih atas kunjungannya.

Iskandar Muda

Iskandar Muda (1583– 27 December 1636) was the twelfth Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam, under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent, and was the strongest power and wealthiest state in the western Indonesian archipelago and the Strait of Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" literally means "young Alexander," and his conquests were often compared to those of Alexander the Great. In addition to his notable conquests, during his reign, Aceh became known as an international centre of Islamic learning and trade.



The future Iskandar Muda was born in about 1583. His father was Mansur Syah, son of Sultan Abdul Jalil, son of third Sulṭān ofAcèh Darussalam Alauddin al-Kahar. His mother Puteri Raja Inderabangsa was the daughter of tenth Sulṭān of Acèh DarussalamAlauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal. Through his parentage he therefore combined the two branches of the Acehnese sultan's dynasty. His childhood and youth are described at great length in the Hikayat Aceh which extols his personal qualities. He was known under a number of names and titles, especially Perkasa Alam which was also the name he used after his accession ("Iskandar Muda" is however not a posthumous name as sometimes suggested since it occurs on his coins). In about 1605 he fell out with his uncle, Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah III and fled to pidie where another uncle, Husain, was the vassal ruler. Together they planned rebellion against Sultan Ali. Perkasa Alam was put in command of the Pidië troops, but in the end they refused to fight and Perkasa Alam was imprisoned by the sultan. However, when the Portuguese invaded Aceh in 1606 he was let out of prison and distinguished himself in the fight against the "infidels". The invasion force was beaten back and withdrew and Perkasa Alam rose in esteem at the court. When Sultan Ali suddenly died on 4 April 1607, Perkasa Alam was able to secure the throne on the same day. He imprisoned his other uncle Husain and later had him killed.

The successes of Iskandar Muda were based on his military strength. His armed forces consisted of a navy of heavy galleys each with 600-800 men, a cavalry using Persian horses, an elephant corps, conscripted infantry forces  and more than 2000 cannons and guns (of both Sumatran and European origin). Upon gaining power, he began consolidating control over northern Sumatra. In 1612 he conquered Deli, and in 1613 Aru and Johor. Upon the conquest of Johor, its sultan, Alauddin Riayat Shah III, and other members of the royal family were brought to Aceh, along with a group of traders from the Dutch East India Company. However, Johor was able to expel the Acehnese garrison later that year, and Iskandar Muda was never able to assert permanent control over the area. Johor further built an alliance with Pahang, Palembang, Jambi, Inderagiri, Kampar and Siak against Aceh.


              Read More : Teuku Umar  History of Aceh


Iskandar Muda’s campaigns continued, however, and he was able to defeat a Portuguese fleet at Bintan in 1614. In 1617 he conquered Pahang and carried its sultan Ahmad Syah to Aceh, and thus achieved a foothold on the Malayan peninsula. This conquest was followed by Kedah in 1619, in which the capital was laid waste and the surviving inhabitants were brought to Aceh. A similar capture of Perak occurred in 1620, when 5,000 people were captured and left to die in Aceh. He again sacked Johor in 1623 and took Nias in 1624/5. At this point Aceh’s strength seriously threatened the Portuguese holding of Melaka. In 1629, he sent several hundred ships to attack Melaka, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed along with 19,000 men. After this loss, Iskandar Muda launched only two more sea expeditions, in 1630/1 and 1634, both to suppress revolts in Pahang. His sultanate maintained control over northern Sumatra, but was never able to gain supremacy in the strait or expand the empire to the rich pepper-producing region of Lampung on the southern part of the island, which was under the control of the sultanate of Banten


Economy And Administration

The economic foundations of the sultanate was the spice trade, especially in pepper. The conflicts between Aceh and Johor and Portuguese Melacca, as well as the numerous pepper-producing ports in the sultanate's domain, were the main causes of the military conflict. Other major exports included cloves and nutmegs, as well as betel nuts, whose narcotic properties bypassed the Muslim prohibition of alcohol. Exports, encouraged by the Ottoman Sultans as an alternative to the "infidel" (i.e. Portuguese)-controlled route around Africa, added to the wealth of the sultanate. Iskandar Muda also made shrewd economic decisions that supported growth, such as low interest rates and the widespread use of small gold coins (mas). However, like other sultanates in the area it had trouble compelling the farms in the hinterland to produce sufficient excess food for the military and commercial activities of the capital. Indeed, one of the aims of Iskandar Muda’s campaigns was to bring prisoners-of-war who could act asslaves for agricultural production.

One reason for Iskandar Muda’s success, in contrast to the weaker sultans who preceded and succeeded him, was his ability to suppress the Acehnese elite, known as the orang kaya ("powerful men"). Through the royal monopoly on trade, he was able to keep them dependent on his favour. The orang kaya were forced to attend court where they could be supervised, and were prohibited from building independent houses, which could be used for military purposes or hold cannons. He sought to create a new nobility of “war leaders” (Malay language: hulubalang; Acehnese: uleëbalang), whom he gave districts (mukim) in feudal tenure. After his reign, however, the elite often supported weaker sultans, to maintain their own autonomy.  He also sought to replace the Acehnese princes with royal officials called panglima, who had to report annually and were subject to periodic appraisal. An elite palace guard was created, consisting of 3,000 women. He passed legal reforms which created a network of courts using Islamic jurisprudence. His system of law and administration became a model for other Islamic states in Indonesia.

Iskandar Muda’s reign was also marked by considerable brutality, directed at disobedient subjects. He also did not hesitate to execute wealthy subjects and confiscate their wealth. Punishments for offences were gruesome; a French visitor in the 1620s reported "every day the King would have people’s noses cut off, eyes dug out, castrations, feet cut off, or hands, ears, and other parts mutilated, very often for some very small matter." He had his own son Merah Pupok killed, and named his son-in-law, the son of the captured sultan of Pahang, as his successor, Iskandar Thani.

During Iskandar Muda’s reign, eminent Islamic scholars were attracted to Aceh and made it a centre of Islamic scholarship. Iskandar Muda favoured the tradition of the Sufimystics Hamzah Pansuri and Syamsuddin of Pasai, both of whom resided at the court of Aceh. These writers' works were translated into other Indonesian languages, and had considerable influence across the peninsula. Both were later denounced for their heretical ideas by Nuruddin ar-Raniri, who arrived in the Aceh court during the reign of Iskandar Thani, and their books were ordered to be burnt.

 The chronicle Hikayat Aceh ("The Story of Aceh") was probably written during the reign of Iskandar Muda, although some date it later. It describes the history of the sultanate and praises Iskandar Muda in his youth. It was apparently inspired by the Persian Akbarnama for the Mogul Emperor Akbar. The Hikayat Aceh described Iskandar Muda as a scion of the lineage (nasab) and race (bangsa) of Iskandar Zulkarnain, Alexander the Great. Through this statement the hikayat presented Aceh as a part of the Malay world, since Iskandar Zulkarnain was the purported ancestor of the Melaka, Johor, Perak and Pahang rulers.

Among the Acehnese, Iskandar Muda is revered as a hero and symbol of Aceh’s past greatness. Posthumously he was given the title Po Teuh Meureuhom, which means "Our Beloved Late Lord", or "Marhum Mahkota Alam".
He has several buildings and structures in and near Banda Aceh named after him, including the Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport and Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base. Kodam Iskandar Muda is the name of the military area commands overseeing Aceh Province

Teuku Umar (Meulaboh, West Aceh, 1854 – February 11, 1899) was a leader of a guerrilla campaign against the Dutch in Acehduring the Aceh War. He fell when Dutch troops launched a surprise attack in Meulaboh. His body was buried in the Mugo area. After Teuku Umar's death, his wife Cut Nyak Dhien continued to lead the guerrillas against the Dutch. He was later made a Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia (National Hero of Indonesia).



Umar joined the guerrilla forces in 1873 at the age of 19. At first, he fought in Meulaboh; he later expanded his operations to different parts of West Aceh.
At the age of 20, Umar married Nyak Sofia; not long after, he took Nyak Malighai as hissecond wife. In 1880, Umar married his cousin Cut Nyak Dhien; Dhien later joined him in the guerrilla campaign.

In 1883, the Dutch colonial government signed a peace treaty with the Acehnese guerrillas. That same year Umar joined them as an undercover operative over Dhien's complaints, working his way up through the colonial military's ranks. After war broke out again in 1884, Umar worked to stop the Acehnese people's struggle. For his service, on January 1, 1894 Umar was given the title Johan Pahlawan and control of a legion of 250 fully armed soldiers. Eventually, Umar was given control of 120 more troops as well as 17 lieutenants. 


On March 30, 1896, Umar and his troops deserted, taking including 800 weapons, 25,000 bullets, 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of ammunition, and 18,000 dollars. Together with 400 soldiers under the command of Teuku Panglima Polem Muhammad Daud, Umar attacked the Dutch forces, killing 25 and injuring 190.
In retaliation, the Dutch governor sent soldiers en masse to capture or kill Umar. Umar was killed in an ambush on February 10, 1899 in Meulaboh.

In the 1930s, Sukarno described Teuku Umar as being one of the pahlawan tiga-sekawan (three heroic friends) along with Diponegoroand Imam Bonjol.

Teuku has been officially designated as national hero of Indonesia. There are many streets named after him throughout Indonesia, including a main thoroughfare in the well-known suburb of Menteng in Jakarta, as well as a field in Meulaboh. 

Iskandar Muda (Acehnes History)

Iskandar Muda (1583– 27 December 1636) was the twelfth Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam, under whom the sultanate achieved its greatest territorial extent, and was the strongest power and wealthiest state in the western Indonesian archipelago and the Strait of Malacca. "Iskandar Muda" literally means "young Alexander," and his conquests were often compared to those of Alexander the Great. In addition to his notable conquests, during his reign, Aceh became known as an international centre of Islamic learning and trade.





The future Iskandar Muda was born in about 1583. His father was Mansur Syah, son of Sultan Abdul Jalil, son of third Sulṭān ofAcèh Darussalam Alauddin al-Kahar. His mother Puteri Raja Inderabangsa was the daughter of tenth Sulṭān of Acèh DarussalamAlauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal. Through his parentage he therefore combined the two branches of the Acehnese sultan's dynasty. His childhood and youth are described at great length in the Hikayat Aceh which extols his personal qualities. He was known under a number of names and titles, especially Perkasa Alam which was also the name he used after his accession ("Iskandar Muda" is however not a posthumous name as sometimes suggested since it occurs on his coins). In about 1605 he fell out with his uncle, Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah III and fled to pidie where another uncle, Husain, was the vassal ruler. Together they planned rebellion against Sultan Ali. Perkasa Alam was put in command of the Pidië troops, but in the end they refused to fight and Perkasa Alam was imprisoned by the sultan. However, when the Portuguese invaded Aceh in 1606 he was let out of prison and distinguished himself in the fight against the "infidels". The invasion force was beaten back and withdrew and Perkasa Alam rose in esteem at the court. When Sultan Ali suddenly died on 4 April 1607, Perkasa Alam was able to secure the throne on the same day. He imprisoned his other uncle Husain and later had him killed.

The successes of Iskandar Muda were based on his military strength. His armed forces consisted of a navy of heavy galleys each with 600-800 men, a cavalry using Persian horses, an elephant corps, conscripted infantry forces  and more than 2000 cannons and guns (of both Sumatran and European origin). Upon gaining power, he began consolidating control over northern Sumatra. In 1612 he conquered Deli, and in 1613 Aru and Johor. Upon the conquest of Johor, its sultan, Alauddin Riayat Shah III, and other members of the royal family were brought to Aceh, along with a group of traders from the Dutch East India Company. However, Johor was able to expel the Acehnese garrison later that year, and Iskandar Muda was never able to assert permanent control over the area. Johor further built an alliance with Pahang, Palembang, Jambi, Inderagiri, Kampar and Siak against Aceh.


              Read More : Teuku Umar  History of Aceh

Iskandar Muda’s campaigns continued, however, and he was able to defeat a Portuguese fleet at Bintan in 1614. In 1617 he conquered Pahang and carried its sultan Ahmad Syah to Aceh, and thus achieved a foothold on the Malayan peninsula. This conquest was followed by Kedah in 1619, in which the capital was laid waste and the surviving inhabitants were brought to Aceh. A similar capture of Perak occurred in 1620, when 5,000 people were captured and left to die in Aceh. He again sacked Johor in 1623 and took Nias in 1624/5. At this point Aceh’s strength seriously threatened the Portuguese holding of Melaka. In 1629, he sent several hundred ships to attack Melaka, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all of his ships were destroyed along with 19,000 men. After this loss, Iskandar Muda launched only two more sea expeditions, in 1630/1 and 1634, both to suppress revolts in Pahang. His sultanate maintained control over northern Sumatra, but was never able to gain supremacy in the strait or expand the empire to the rich pepper-producing region of Lampung on the southern part of the island, which was under the control of the sultanate of Banten


Economy And Administration

The economic foundations of the sultanate was the spice trade, especially in pepper. The conflicts between Aceh and Johor and Portuguese Melacca, as well as the numerous pepper-producing ports in the sultanate's domain, were the main causes of the military conflict. Other major exports included cloves and nutmegs, as well as betel nuts, whose narcotic properties bypassed the Muslim prohibition of alcohol. Exports, encouraged by the Ottoman Sultans as an alternative to the "infidel" (i.e. Portuguese)-controlled route around Africa, added to the wealth of the sultanate. Iskandar Muda also made shrewd economic decisions that supported growth, such as low interest rates and the widespread use of small gold coins (mas). However, like other sultanates in the area it had trouble compelling the farms in the hinterland to produce sufficient excess food for the military and commercial activities of the capital. Indeed, one of the aims of Iskandar Muda’s campaigns was to bring prisoners-of-war who could act asslaves for agricultural production.

One reason for Iskandar Muda’s success, in contrast to the weaker sultans who preceded and succeeded him, was his ability to suppress the Acehnese elite, known as the orang kaya ("powerful men"). Through the royal monopoly on trade, he was able to keep them dependent on his favour. The orang kaya were forced to attend court where they could be supervised, and were prohibited from building independent houses, which could be used for military purposes or hold cannons. He sought to create a new nobility of “war leaders” (Malay language: hulubalang; Acehnese: uleëbalang), whom he gave districts (mukim) in feudal tenure. After his reign, however, the elite often supported weaker sultans, to maintain their own autonomy.  He also sought to replace the Acehnese princes with royal officials called panglima, who had to report annually and were subject to periodic appraisal. An elite palace guard was created, consisting of 3,000 women. He passed legal reforms which created a network of courts using Islamic jurisprudence. His system of law and administration became a model for other Islamic states in Indonesia.

Iskandar Muda’s reign was also marked by considerable brutality, directed at disobedient subjects. He also did not hesitate to execute wealthy subjects and confiscate their wealth. Punishments for offences were gruesome; a French visitor in the 1620s reported "every day the King would have people’s noses cut off, eyes dug out, castrations, feet cut off, or hands, ears, and other parts mutilated, very often for some very small matter." He had his own son Merah Pupok killed, and named his son-in-law, the son of the captured sultan of Pahang, as his successor, Iskandar Thani.

During Iskandar Muda’s reign, eminent Islamic scholars were attracted to Aceh and made it a centre of Islamic scholarship. Iskandar Muda favoured the tradition of the Sufimystics Hamzah Pansuri and Syamsuddin of Pasai, both of whom resided at the court of Aceh. These writers' works were translated into other Indonesian languages, and had considerable influence across the peninsula. Both were later denounced for their heretical ideas by Nuruddin ar-Raniri, who arrived in the Aceh court during the reign of Iskandar Thani, and their books were ordered to be burnt.

 The chronicle Hikayat Aceh ("The Story of Aceh") was probably written during the reign of Iskandar Muda, although some date it later. It describes the history of the sultanate and praises Iskandar Muda in his youth. It was apparently inspired by the Persian Akbarnama for the Mogul Emperor Akbar. The Hikayat Aceh described Iskandar Muda as a scion of the lineage (nasab) and race (bangsa) of Iskandar Zulkarnain, Alexander the Great. Through this statement the hikayat presented Aceh as a part of the Malay world, since Iskandar Zulkarnain was the purported ancestor of the Melaka, Johor, Perak and Pahang rulers.

Among the Acehnese, Iskandar Muda is revered as a hero and symbol of Aceh’s past greatness. Posthumously he was given the title Po Teuh Meureuhom, which means "Our Beloved Late Lord", or "Marhum Mahkota Alam".
He has several buildings and structures in and near Banda Aceh named after him, including the Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport and Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base. Kodam Iskandar Muda is the name of the military area commands overseeing Aceh Province

Sultanate of Aceh and Islam in Southeast Asia

Pre-Islamic Aceh

Not much has been uncovered about the pre-Islamic history of Aceh, however there are several artifacts that linked pre-Islamic era with Buddhism and culture from the Indochina region, as well as Old Malay custom. Historic names such as Indrapurba, Indrapurwa, Indrapatra, and Indrapuri gave some hint of Indian influence on this region. However, there are no archaeological findings (such as statues or temples) that link this region with Hinduism.

Beginnings of Islam in Southeast Asia


Map of Pasai, the first Islamic kingdom in South East Asia

Evidence concerning the initial coming and subsequent establishment of Islam in Southeast Asia is thin and inconclusive. The historian Anthony Reid has argued that the region of the Cham people on the south-central coast of Vietnam was one of the earliest Islamic centers in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, as the Cham people fled the Vietnamese, one of the earliest locations that they established a relationship with was Aceh.[7] Furthermore, it is thought that one of the earliest centers of Islam was in the Aceh region. When Venetian traveller Marco Polo passed by Sumatra on his way home from China in 1292 he found that Perlakwas a Muslim town while nearby 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' were not. 'Basma(n)' and 'Samara' are often said to be Pasai and Samudra but evidence is inconclusive. The gravestone of Sultan Malik as-Salih, the first Muslim ruler of Samudra, has been found and is dated AH 696 (AD 1297). This is the earliest clear evidence of a Muslim dynasty in the Indonesia-Malay area and more gravestones from the thirteenth century show that this region continued under Muslim rule. Ibn Batutah, a Moroccan traveller, passing through on his way to China in 1345 and 1346, found that the ruler of Samudra was a follower of the Shafi'i school of Islam.
The Portuguese apothecary Tome Pires reported in his early 16th-century book Suma Oriental that most of the kings of Sumatra from Aceh through Palembang were Muslim. At Pasai, in what is now the North Aceh Regency, there was a thriving international port. Pires attributed the establishment of Islam in Pasai to the 'cunning' of the Muslim merchants. The ruler of Pasai, however, had not been able to convert the people of the interior.

Sultanate of Aceh


 
Map of Aceh Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda

The Sultanate of Aceh was established by Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah in 1511.
In 1584–88 the Bishop of Malacca, D. João Ribeiro Gaio, based on information provided by a former captive called Diogo Gil, wrote the "Roteiro das Cousas do Achem" (Lisboa 1997) – a description of the Sultanate.

Later, during its golden era, in the 17th century, its territory and political influence expanded as far as Satun in southern ThailandJohor inMalay Peninsula, and Siak in what is today the province of Riau. As was the case with most non-Javan pre-colonial states, Acehnesepower expanded outward by sea rather than inland. As it expanded down the Sumatran coast, its main competitors were Johor andPortuguese Malacca on the other side of the Straits of Malacca. It was this seaborne trade focus that saw Aceh rely on rice imports from north Java rather than develop self sufficiency in rice production.

After the Portuguese occupation of Malacca in 1511, many Islamic traders passing the Malacca Straits shifted their trade to Banda Acehand increased the Acehnese rulers' wealth. During the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda in the 17th century, Aceh's influence extended to most of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. Aceh allied itself with the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch East India Company in their struggle against the Portuguese and the Johor Sultanate. Acehnese military power waned gradually thereafter, and Aceh ceded its territory ofPariaman in Sumatra to the Dutch in the 18th century.

By the early nineteenth century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the 1820s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of black pepper. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the Sultanate and for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more independence. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan Tuanku Ibrahim, who controlled the kingdom from 1838 to 1870, reasserted power over nearby ports. Wikipedia

Under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 the British ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the Sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In 1871, however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent France or the United States from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the 1850s that Aceh had been in communication with the rulers of France and of the Ottoman Empire.
Konsep dan tujuan supervisi akademik, sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh para pakar supervisi akademik di muka, memang tampak idealis bagi para praktisi supervisi akademik (kepala sekolah). Namun, memang demikianlah seharusnya kenyataan normatif konsep dasarnya. Para kepala sekolah  baik suka maupun tidak suka harus siap menghadapi problema dan kendala dalam melaksanakan supervisi akademik. Adanya problema dan kendala tersebut sedikit banyak bisa diatasi apabila dalam pelaksanaan supervisi akademik kepala sekolah menerapkan prinsip-prinsip supervisi akademik.



Akhir-akhir ini, beberapa literatur telah banyak mengungkapkan teori supervisi akademik sebagai landasan bagi setiap perilaku supervisi akademik. Beberapa istilah, seperti demokrasi (democratic), kerja kelompok (team effort), dan proses kelompok (group process) telah banyak dibahas dan dihubungkan dengan konsep supervisi akademik. Pembahasannya semata-mata untuk menunjukkan kepada kita bahwa perilaku supervisi akademik itu harus menjauhkan diri dari sifat otoriter, di mana supervisor sebagai atasan dan guru sebagai bawahan. Begitu pula dalam latar sistem persekolahan, keseluruhan anggota (guru) harus aktif berpartisipasi, bahkan sebaiknya sebagai prakarsa, dalam proses supervisi akademik, sedangkan supervisor merupakan bagian darinya.

Semua ini merupakan prinsip-prinsip supervisi akademik modern yang harus direalisasikan pada setiap proses supervisi akademik di sekolah-sekolah. Selain tersebut di atas, berikut ini ada beberapa prinsip lain yang harus diperhatikan dan direalisasikan oleh supervisor dalam melaksanakan supervisi akademik, yaitu sebagai berikut.

1.       Supervisi akademik harus mampu menciptakan hubungan kemanusiaan yang harmonis. Hubungan kemanusiaan yang harus diciptakan harus bersifat terbuka, kesetiakawanan, dan informal. Hubungan demikian ini bukan saja antara supervisor dengan guru, melainkan juga antara supervisor dengan pihak lain yang terkait dengan program supervisi akademik. Oleh sebab itu, dalam pelaksanaannya supervisor harus memiliki sifat-sifat, seperti sikap membantu, memahami, terbuka, jujur, ajeg, sabar, antusias, dan penuh humor (Dodd, 1972).

2.       Supervisi akademik harus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan. Supervisi akademik bukan tugas bersifat sambilan yang hanya dilakukan sewaktu-waktu jika ada kesempatan. Perlu dipahami bahwa supervisi akademik merupakan salah satu essential function dalam keseluruhan program sekolah (Alfonso dkk., 1981 dan Weingartner, 1973). Apabila guru telah berhasil mengembangkan dirinya tidaklah berarti selesailah tugas supervisor, melainkan harus tetap dibina secara berkesinambungan. Hal ini logis, mengingat problema proses pembelajaran selalu muncul dan berkembang.

3.       Supervisi akademik harus demokratis. Supervisor tidak boleh mendominasi pelaksanaan supervisi akademiknya. Titik tekan supervisi akademik yang demokratis adalah aktif dan kooperatif. Supervisor harus melibatkan secara aktif guru yang dibinanya. Tanggung jawab perbaikan program akademik bukan hanya pada supervisor melainkan juga pada guru. Oleh sebab itu, program supervisi akademik sebaiknya direncanakan, dikembangkan dan dilaksanakan bersama secara kooperatif dengan guru, kepala sekolah, dan pihak lain yang terkait di bawah koordinasi supervisor.

4.       Program supervisi akademik harus integral dengan program pendidikan. Di dalam setiap organisasi pendidikan terdapat bermacam-macam sistem perilaku dengan tujuan sama, yaitu tujuan pendidikan. Sistem perilaku tersebut antara lain berupa sistem perilaku administratif, sistem perilaku akademik, sistem perilaku kesiswaan, sistem perilaku pengembangan konseling, sistem perilaku supervisi akademik (Alfonso, dkk., 1981). Antara satu sistem dengan sistem lainnya harus dilaksanakan secara integral. Dengan demikian, maka program supervisi akademik integral dengan program pendidikan secara keseluruhan. Dalam upaya perwujudan prinsip ini diperlukan hubungan yang baik dan harmonis antara supervisor dengan semua pihak pelaksana program pendidikan (Dodd, 1972).

5.       Supervisi akademik harus komprehensif. Program supervisi akademik harus mencakup keseluruhan aspek pengembangan akademik, walaupun mungkin saja ada penekanan pada aspek-aspek tertentu berdasarkan hasil analisis kebutuhan pengembangan akademik sebelumnya. Prinsip ini tiada lain hanyalah untuk memenuhi tuntutan multi tujuan supervisi akademik, berupa pengawasan kualitas, pengembangan profesional, dan memotivasi guru, sebagaimana telah dijelaskan di muka.

6.       Supervisi akademik harus konstruktif. Supervisi akademik bukanlah sekali-kali untuk mencari kesalahan-kesalahan guru. Memang dalam proses pelaksanaan supervisi akademik itu terdapat kegiatan penilaian unjuk kerjan guru, tetapi tujuannya bukan untuk mencari kesalahan-kesalahannya. Supervisi akademik akan mengembangkan pertumbuhan dan kreativitas guru dalam memahami dan memecahkan problem-problem akademik yang dihadapi.

7.       Supervisi akademik harus obyektif. Dalam menyusun, melaksanakan, dan mengevaluasi, keberhasilan program supervisi akademik harus obyektif. Objectivitas dalam penyusunan program berarti bahwa program supervisi akademik itu harus disusun berdasarkan kebutuhan nyata pengembangan profesional guru. Begitu pula dalam mengevaluasi keberhasilan program supervisi akademik. Di sinilah letak pentingnya instrumen pengukuran yang memiliki validitas dan reliabilitas yang tinggi untuk mengukur seberapa kemampuan guru dalam mengelola proses pembelajaran.


TEKNIK-TEKNIK SUPERVISI AKADEMIK di SEKOLAH

Satu di antara tugas kepala sekolah adalah melaksanakan supervisi akademik. Untuk melaksanakan supervisi akademik secara efektif diperlukan keterampilan konseptual, interpersonal dan teknikal (Glickman, at al. 2007). Oleh sebab itu,  setiap Kepala sekolah harus memiliki keterampilan teknikal berupa kemampuan menerapkan teknik-teknik supervisi yang tepat dalam melaksanakan supervisi akademik. Teknik-teknik supervisi akademik meliputi dua macam, yaitu: individual dan kelompok (Gwyn, 1961).






Teknik supervisi akademik ada dua yaitu: individual dan  kelompok seperti gambar berikut.

1.   Teknik Supervisi Individual
Teknik supervisi individual adalah pelaksanaan supervisi  perseorangan terhadap guru. Supervisor di sini hanya berhadapan dengan seorang guru. Dari hasil supervisi ini dapat diketahui kualitas pembelajaran guru bersangkutan.

Teknik supervisi individual ada lima macam adalah sebagai berikut.

a. Kunjungan Kelas, (Classroom Visitation)
Kepala sekolah atau supervisor  datang ke kelas untuk mengobservasi guru mengajar. Dengan kata lain, untuk melihat apa kekurangan atau kelemahan yang sekirannya perlu diperbaiki.

 Tahap-tahap kunjungan kelas terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu:
(1)    tahap persiapan. Pada tahap ini, supervisor merencanakan waktu, sasaran, dan cara mengobservasi selama kunjungan kelas,
(2)  tahap pengamatan selama kunjungan. Pada tahap ini, supervisor mengamati jalannya proses pembelajaran berlangsung,
(3) tahap akhir kunjungan. Pada tahap ini, supervisor bersama guru mengadakan perjanjian untuk membicarakan hasil-hasil observasi, dan
(4)    tahap terakhir adalah tahap tindak lanjut.


b.   Kunjungan Observasi (Observation Visits)
Guru-guru ditugaskan untuk mengamati seorang guru lain yang sedang mendemonstrasikan cara-cara mengajar suatu mata pelajaran tertentu. Kunjungan observasi dapat dilakukan di sekolah sendiri atau dengan mengadakan kunjungan ke sekolah lain. Secara umum, aspek-aspek yang diobservasi adalah: (1) usaha-usaha dan aktivitas guru-siswa dalam proses pembelajaran, (2) cara menggunakan media pengajaran, (3) variasi metode, (4) ketepatan penggunaan media dengan materi, (5) ketepatan penggunaan metode dengan materi, dan (6) reaksi mental para siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar.
Pelaksanaan observasi melalui tahap:  persiapan, pelaksanaan, penutupan, penilaian hasil observasi;dan tindak lanjut.
Dalam rangka melakukan observasi, seorang  supervisor hendaknya telah mempersiapkan  instrumen observasi,  menguasai masalah dan tujuan supervisi.

c.    Pertemuan Individual
Pertemuan individual adalah satu pertemuan, percakapan, dialog, dan tukar pikiran antara supervisor dan guru.
Tujuannya adalah:
(1)   mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran yang lebih baik,
(2)   meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam pembelajaran, dan
(3)   memperbaiki segala kelemahan dan kekurangan pada diri guru

Swearingen (1961) mengklasifikasi empat jenis pertemuan (percakapan) individual sebagai berikut.
(1)   Classroom-conference, yaitu percakapan individual yang dilaksanakan 
        di dalam kelas ketika murid-murid sedang meninggalkan kelas (istirahat).
(2)   Office-conference, yaitu percakapan individual yang dilaksanakan di ruang
      kepala sekolah atau ruang guru, di mana sudah dilengkapi dengan alat-alat
        bantu yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan penjelasan pada guru.
(3)   Causal-conference. yaitu percakapan individual yang bersifat informal, 
         yang dilaksanakan secara kebetulan bertemu dengan guru
(4)   Observational visitation. yaitu percakapan individual yang dilaksanakan
        setelah supervisor melakukan kunjungan kelas atau observasi kelas.

Hal yang dilakukan  Supervisor dalam pertemuan individu :
(5) berusaha mengembangkan segi-segi positif guru,
(6) mendorong guru mengatasi kesulitan-kesulitannya,
(7) memberikan pengarahan, dan
(8) menyepakati berbagai solusi  permasalahan dan menindaklanjutinya.

d.   Kunjungan Antar Kelas
Kunjungan antar kelas adalah guru yang satu berkunjung ke   kelas yang lain di sekolah itu sendiri. Tujuannya adalah untuk berbagi pengalaman dalam pembelajaran.
Cara-cara melaksanakan kunjungan antar kelas adalah sebagai   berikut.
(1)   Jadwal kunjungan harus direncanakan.
(2)   Guru-guru yang akan dikunjungi harus diseleksi.
(3)   Tentukan guru-guru yang akan mengunjungi
(4)   Sediakan segala fasilitas yang diperlukan.
(5)   Supervisor hendaknya mengikuti acara ini dengan pengamatan yang cermat.
(6)   Adakah tindak lanjut setelah kunjungan antar kelas selesai? misalnya dalam bentuk percakapan pribadi, penegasan, dan pemberian tugas-tugas tertentu.
(7)   Segera aplikasikan ke sekolah atau ke kelas guru bersangkutan, dengan menyesuaikan pada situasi dan kondisi yang dihadapi;
(8)   Adakan perjanjian-perjanjian untuk mengadakan kunjungan antar kelas berikutnya.

e.   Supervisi Kelompok
Teknik supervisi kelompok adalah satu cara melaksanakan program supervisi yang ditujukan pada dua orang atau lebih. Guru-guru yang yang akan disupervisi berdasarkan hasil analisis kebutuhan, dan analisis kemampuan kinerja guru, kemudian dikelompokan berdasarkan kebutuhan guru. Kemudian guru  diberikan layanan supervisi sesuai dengan permasalahan atau kebutuhan yang diperlukan. Dalam teknik supervisi  kelompok, terdapat  beberapa kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan antara lain adalah sebagai berikut.
(1)   Mengadakan pertemuan atau rapat (meeting), Seorang kepala sekolah menjalankan tugasnya berdasarkan rencana yang telah disusun. Termsuk mengadakan rapat-rapat secara periodik dengan guru-guru, dalam hal ini rapat-rapat yang diadakan dalam rangka kegiatan supervisi. Rapat tersebut antara lain melibatkan KKG, MGMP, dan rapat dengan pihak luar sekolah.
(2) Mengadakan diskusi kelompok (group discussions), Diskusi kelompok dapat diadakan dengan membentuk kelompok-kelompok guru bidang studi sejenis. Di dalam setiap diskusi, supervisor atau kepala sekolah memberikan pengarahan, bimbingan, nasihat-nasihat dan saran-saran yang diperlukan.
(3) Mengadakan penataran-penataran (inservice-training), Teknik ini dilakukan melalui penataran-penataran, misalnya penataran untuk guru bidang studi tertentu. Mengingat bahwa penataran pada umumnya diselenggarakan oleh pusat atau wilayah, maka tugas kepala sekolah adalah mengelola dan membimbing pelaksanaan tindak lanjut (follow-up) dari hasil penataran.



Categories

Popular Posts